Abstract
According to recent studies in international management, relationships between headquarters and subsidiaries in the global economy are characterised simultaneously by elements of organisational interdependence and local autonomy. These characteristics challenge the traditional design and use of performance measurement systems (PMSs). Contemporary approaches to PMSs emphasise the role of performance indicators for strategy implementation and advocate the adoption of non-financial indicators in addition to traditional financial metrics. We investigated the factors associated with the inclusion of non-financial indicators in PMSs used in relationships between headquarters and subsidiaries. Our empirical study is based on 141 questionnaires collected from Italian subsidiaries of foreign companies and 13 interviews with respondents. Non-financial performance indicators contained in PMSs refer equally to customer, internal processes and people measurement perspectives. Furthermore, we find that the inclusion of non-financial indicators is positively associated with relative performance evaluation, interactive use of PMSs, subsidiary size, headquarters nationality and subsidiary participation in the design of PMSs. Information gathered through interviews provides explanations of our results, and suggests that the inclusion of non-financial perspectives in PMSs contributes to the strategic alignment of international organisations by supporting learning and dialogue within relationships between headquarters and subsidiaries.